Healing, Escape, and the Human Brain: The Biology and Cultural Evolution of Drug Use and Mental Illness
Humanity’s Long Relationship With Psychoactive Substances Psychoactive substances, often alter brain function, which tend to affect mood, awareness, perception, cognition and behaviour by acting on the central nervous system. Humans have always maintained a complicated relationship with psychoactive substances. Long before modern neuroscience identified neurotransmitters or mapped neural pathways, communities across the world had already discovered that certain plants, chemicals, and fermented compounds could alter consciousness, reduce pain, induce euphoria, heighten spiritual experiences, or temporarily silence emotional suffering. From ceremonial ayahuasca practices in the Amazon, to opium use in ancient civilizations, to alcohol in religious rituals and social bonding, many psychoactive substances have existed at the intersection of medicine, spirituality, culture, and survival. Their meanings have constantly shifted depending on the era and the society interpreting them....